Research Questions : PICO(T) Criteria for evidence based Research Question by Muhammad Yousuf Ali

There are two type of question which is usually come through critical thinking

Background Question:-

General information specifying the starting point and the outcomes about the general and clinical issue.

Example what, why, what, where which & How These question answer research generally found on the books and reference books

Foreground Question:-

Focus on Specific knowledge

Answer get from the scientific and evidence based about the diagnosis, treating and assisting the patient with understanding their prognosis. Answer of these question find from the literature.

PICOT criteria

PICOT criteria tend to be used to frame questions used in evidence-based studies, such as medical studies. Such research may focus on assessment or evaluation of patients or problems, as well as what may be the causal factor(s) with control and experimental groups.

P – Population/ Patient (or Problem)

I – Intervention (or Indicator)

C – Comparison group

O – Outcomes

T – Time

Component Related questions of PICO(T)

Population ‑What is the target population?

‑Is the target population narrow or broad?

‑Is the target population vulnerable?

‑What are the eligibility criteria?

‑What is the most appropriate recruitment strategy?

Intervention ‑What is the intervention? (Treatment, diagnostic test, procedure)

‑Is there any standard of care for the intervention?

‑Is the intervention the most appropriate for the study design?

‑Is there a need for standardizing the intervention?

‑What are the potential side effects of the intervention?

‑Will potential side effects be recorded?

‑If there is no intervention, what is the exposure?

Comparator ‑How has control intervention been chosen?

‑Are there any ethical concerns related to the use of placebo?

‑Has a sham intervention been considered?

‑Will statistical analyses be adjusted for multiple comparisons?

Outcome ‑What is the primary outcome?

‑What are the secondary outcomes?

‑Are the outcomes exploratory, explanatory or confirmatory?

‑Have surrogate and clinical outcomes been considered?

‑Are the outcomes validated?

‑Have safety outcomes been considered?

‑How are the outcomes going to be measured?

‑Will the dependent and independent variables be numerical, categorical or ordinal?

‑Will be enough statistical power to measure secondary outcomes?

Time frame ‑Is the study designed to be cross‑sectional or longitudinal?

‑How long will the recruitment phase take?

‑What is the time frame for data collection?

‑Have frequency and duration of the intervention been specified?

‑How often will outcomes be measured?

‑Which strategy will be used to prevent/decrease dropout

Example :

Old age Chain smoker has high risk of lung cancer rather than old age non smoker

Banned on smoking in the campus decrease the smoking rate on campus students

Problem/patient/ Population/ Old age

Intervention and indicator is Smoking

Comparison/ smoker vs non smoker

Outcome / decrease the smoking rate

Does the smoking rate reduce among the student if there is banned on smoking the campus premises?

Examples

Use of Artificial intelligence in libraries improve the skills of librarian and their digital literacy

Problem/Population Librarian

Intervention/ Artificial Intelligence

Comparison/ Digital literacy

 Out come/ improve the skills of librarian

Does Artificial Intelligence improve the skill set of the librarian and their digital literacy?

How to Cite This Article : –

M.Y. Ali. (28 Jun 2021). Research Questions : PICO(T) Criteria for evidence based Research Question. https://profileusuf.wordpress.com/2021/06/27/research-questions-picot-criteria-for-evidence-based-research-question-by-muhammad-yousuf-ali/

References

Durbin CG. How to come up with a good research question: Framing the hypothesis. Respir Care 2004;49:1195-8.

Fandino, W. (2019). Formulating a good research question: Pearls and pitfalls. Indian journal of anaesthesia, 63(8), 611.

Farrugia, P., Petrisor, B. A., Farrokhyar, F., & Bhandari, M. (2010). Research questions, hypotheses and objectives. Canadian journal of surgery, 53(4), 278.

Hahn, S. E., Speier, C., Palmer, J., & Wren, D. (1999). Advantages and Disadvantages of Electronic Journals. Journal of Business & Finance Librarianship, 5(1), 19–33. doi:10.1300/j109v05n01_03 

Heneghan, C., & Badenoch, D. (2006). Evidence-based medicine toolkit. BMJ Books/Blackwell Pub.

Hulley, S. B. (Ed.). (2007). Designing clinical research. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Keefer, A. (2001). Electronic journals, scholarly communication and libraries.

Roes, H. (1996). Electronic journals: A short history and recent developments. Trabajo presentado en International Summer School on the Digital Library, Tilburg, Holanda. Consultado el, 15.

5-minute Information Channel Episode # 8 Difference Literature Review & Systematic Literature Review

5-minute Information Channel Episode # 8 Difference Literature Review & Systematic Literature Review

A systematic review attempts to collate all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria in order to answer a specific research question. The key characteristics of a systematic review are: a clearly defined question with inclusion & exclusion criteria; rigorous & systematic search of the literature; critical appraisal of included studies; data extraction and management; analysis & interpretation of results; and report for publication.

5 minutes information Channel Episode # 7 Types Literature Review by Muhammad Yousuf Ali

Literature Review
A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in your given subject or chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the subject or topic you are writing about.
What is the purpose of Literature review?
There are following purpose research do the literature review
• To see what has and has not been investigated.
• To identify data sources that other researchers have used.
• To learn how others have defined and measured key concepts.
• To develop alternative research projects.
• To put your work in perspective.
• To demonstrate your understanding, and your ability to critically evaluate research in the field.
• To provide evidence that may be used to support your own findings .i.e. Discussion Segments.

Integrative Review
Identify, analyze, and synthesize results from independent quantitative and qualitative studies to determine current knowledge Include multiple types of research designs and literature types Complicated review, but give breadth and depth to conclusions

Argumentative Review
Argumentative literature review, as the name implies, examines literature selectively in order to support or refute an argument, deeply imbedded assumption, or philosophical problem already established in the literature. It should be noted that a potential for bias is a major shortcoming associated with argumentative literature review.
Methodological Review
Thematic reviews of literature are organized around a topic or issue, rather than the progression of time. … A review organized in this manner would shift between time periods within each section according to the point made. Methodological. A methodological approach focuses on the methods utilized by the researcher.
Systematic Review
A systematic review is an appraisal and synthesis of primary research papers using a rigorous and clearly documented methodology in both the search strategy and the selection of studies. This minimizes bias in the results. The clear documentation of the process and the decisions made allow the review to be reproduced and updated.
Theoretical Review
The purpose of this form is to concretely examine the corpus of theory that has accumulated in regard to an issue, concept, theory, phenomena. The theoretical literature review help establish what theories already exist, the relationships between them, to what degree the existing theories have been investigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested.
Historical Review
Historical literature reviews focus on examining research throughout a period of time, often starting with the first time an issue, concept, theory, phenomena emerged in the literature, then tracing its evolution within the scholarship of a discipline. The purpose is to place research in a historical context to show familiarity with state-of-the-art developments and to identify the likely directions for future research.

What is Literature Review? Why do 5-minutes information Episode # 6

What is the literature review?
A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in your given subject or chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the subject or topic you are writing about.
What is the purpose of Literature review?
There are following purpose research do the literature review
• To see what has and has not been investigated.
• To identify data sources that other researchers have used.
• To learn how others have defined and measured key concepts.
• To develop alternative research projects.
• To put your work in perspective.
• To demonstrate your understanding, and your ability to critically evaluate research in the field.
• To provide evidence that may be used to support your own findings .i.e. Discussion Segments.

What are the Characteristics of the Good Literature Review?

Characteristics of Good Literature review
Write Clarity & sum up the narrative of review items (Articles, Book Chapters and Conference Papers etc.)
Topic/Subject Models/Theoretical frame work/Thematic Match from the Topic
Topic covers From Broad to Narrow and all the aspects International to local literature
Literature pick up form Authentic Sources i.e Scopus, Web of Science or other renown indexing cites

5 Minutes Information Channel Episode # 4 Pubmed Search Engine Demo Literature Searching, Search

PubMed is a free search engine accessing primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics. The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health maintains the database as part of the Entrez system of information retrieval.
PubMed is a free search engine accessing primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics. The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health maintains the database as part of the Entrez system of information retrieval.

Pubmed is the largest search Engine the Health Science and Medical Literature field. Pubmed Search Engine as per December 2018 data 29.1 Million record 14.2 million article has full-text link and 3.8 Million 3-fulltext record for its users.
Pubmed provides free login and you can access from around the around the world. Through this record user id and login you can
1. Save Searches
2. Filtering search results
3. Setting up automatic updates sent by e-mails

Pubmed Users, are mostly Medical Students, Physician, Consultants, Scientists, Researchers and Nurses. If you are the first time users It is suggested to you please create an account on NCBI PubMed for its best use.

Millions of user used this Special Medical Search Engine, 5-Minutes Channels presents this video for the Medical Students, Doctor, Physician, Consultant, Scientists, Researchers, Nurses and others How to search, filters, import and e-mails of search Records.

This video is the Episode # 4 in the connection of 5 Minutes information.

You can fellow my video on YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC43a…