This small piece of writing provide vital information about the Digital object Identifier (DOI) readers can find the questions of following questions with brief answer.
Q 1 What is digital Object Identifier DOI?
A digital object identifier (DOI) is a permanent identifier or handle used to identify digital objects uniquely, standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (Paskin, 2010).
DOIs are in wide use mainly to identify academic, professional, and government information, such as journal articles, Books Chapters, Research reports, data sets, and official publications. Sometimes DOI also refers for commercial videos.
Q 2 When did DOI services is began?
The DOI was officially launched at the Frankfurt Book Fair in October 1997 (Anon, 1997). First DOI based article was published in 2000.
Q 3 Which characters/digits are used in DOI?
DOI consist Alpha Numeric characters. A DOI consists of a publisher ID* (prefix) and an item ID (suffix), separated by a forward slash (/). For example, the DOI for one of Emerald journal articles would look like this:
Prefix: 10.1108
Suffix: LHTN-10-2021-0065
Complete DOI: doi/10.1108/LHTN-10-2021-0065
Q4 Why do publishers/organizations use DOI?
DOI promote the research work of the Authors/Researchers
DOI increase the impact of research work of the scholar and publishers
Ensure the international standardization of articles.
Quick Access identification of published articles even the URL (Web address) has changed.
To gain better research items articles and books chapter visibility and citation count.
Universal Digital identification of scholarly work.
References :-
ISO 26324:2012(en), Information and documentation – Digital object identifier system”. ISO. Retrieved 20 Feb 2022.
Paskin, N.(2010), “Digital Object Identifier (DOI) System”, Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences (3rd ed.), Taylor and Francis, pp. 1586–1592
How to cite this Article:-
Ali, M.Y. (March 2022). Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Usage by Muhammad Yousuf Ali.
SWOT Analysis or SWOT Matrix describe about the Strength (S), Weakness(W), Opportunity and Threat (T). This article try to cover following point about the SWOT analysis.
Q 1 What is SWOT analysis?
Q 2 What are the Element of SWOT?
Q 3 Why researchers use SWOT analysis?
Q 4 In which discipline Researcher use SWOT analysis?
Q 1 What is SWOT analysis?
SWOT analysis (or SWOT matrix) is a strategic planning technique used to help a person or organization identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to business competition or project planning or new innovative service or improve any existing.
Elements of SWOT
Strength: –
Strength are Advantages, plus existing Resources of individual, groups, Team, institutions, Organisation.
Weakness:-
Weakness are the disadvantage and Limitations of individual, groups, Team, institutions, Organisation
Opportunity: –
Opportunities indicated as positive forces/ Area of Improvement +Avail the chances to explore the expansion out of the box.
Threat:-
Threats are the negative forces external trouble or obstacle in progress.
SWOT Matrix
Strength and Weakness are internal Factor
Opportunity and threats are external factor
Strength and opportunity are positive forces
Weakness and Threat are negative forces
Q 2 Why do researchers use SWOT analysis?
Researcher uses SWOT analysis in any decision-making situation or planning initiative
1. SWOT uses in like commercial organizations, Business enterprises, governmental units, and individuals.
2. SWOT analysis may also be used in creating a recommendation during a viability study/survey.
3. SWOT analysis may also be used in pre-crisis planning and preventive crisis management.
In short summary SWOT analysis use in Strategic Planning, Matching and converting/Competitive advantages, Corporate planning and Marketing.
Q 4 In which discipline Researcher use SWOT analysis?
SWOT analysis use in the Academic discipline of Social Science, Business administration, Economics, Management and marketing disciplines.
National Library is considered the cultural and heritage preservation institution of any Nation. National Library is treasure of Knowledge for the any specific nations it origin, culture and contribution to knowledge by specific nation. This small article covers the following point about the National Library.
1. What is a National Library?
3. What are the characteristics of National Library?
3. What are the main functions of National Library?
4. What are the services of a National Library?
1. What is a National Library?
A national library is a library established by a government as a country’s preeminent repository of information. Unlike public libraries, these rarely allow citizens to borrow books. Often, they include numerous rare, valuable, or significant works. A national library is that library which has the duty of collecting and preserving the literature of the nation within and outside the country. Thus, national libraries are those libraries whose community is the nation at large.
2. What are the characteristics of National Library?
I) It is an unique library and symbol of national literature preservation.
II) Archive and maintain the National records unique it collection.
III) Preserving the cultural and intellectual heritage.
IV) Providing a locus for national cultural identity.
V) Support for the knowledge economy.
VI) Support for community development.
VII) Support for citizens and Leadership for the library system.
VIII) Support for education and lifelong learning.
3. What are the core functions of National Library?
Humphreys (1966) articulated seven fundamental functions of national libraries:
I. National bibliographic control
One of the main goals of a national library is fulfilling their nation’s part of the common international goal of universal bibliographic control, by ensuring the bibliographic control of all the books or book-like documents published in that particular country or talking about that particular country, in any way.
II. International Bibliographical Control
Another one of the main goals of many a national library is the “export aspect” and the collaborative sides of the universal bibliographic control of all the books in the world. This is done by the exchanges and accords between different Nations, and also by fostering the creation of standard conceptual tools such as library classification systems and cataloguing rules. The most commonly used of these tools is the International Standard Bibliographic Description or ISBD, which has served as a basis for national and international cataloguing codes, such as AACR2.
III. Legal deposit
National Library is also play vital role in the legal deposit of any national collections they endorse collection through author or content.
IV. Publication of Catalogue
An important function of National library is publication of catalogue. How many books published in the country?
V. The outstanding and central collection of a nation’s literature.
National Library also collect the outstanding and centre collection of the literature about its own country which is written the country or outside the country.
In developing policies to fulfil the role and purpose of the public library the emphasis should be on the services it provides
VI. Coverage of foreign literature.
It is also function and responsibility of National Library to collect and preserve the important foreign Literature published by any other country.
VII. Exhibitions.
National Library play very vital role in the exhibitions of national literature through different kind of activities like book launching ceremony, like book fair and seminars and seminars on national issues and events on different national days.
4. What are the services basic service provide a National Library?
I. Collection and preservation of documents of national interest and importance.
II. Bibliographic needs: creation of, and access to, records of publications.
III. Document provision: the national resource.
IV. Access to publications.
V. Exchange of publications.
VI. Access to information.
VII. Services to Academic, Public and special libraries and information units.
VIII. Leadership and advice to libraries and information units.
IX. Planning and coordination.
X. Education and training and Research and development.
XI. And many more services as per the need of the Nation.
Brindley L (2002) The role of national libraries in the twenty-first century. Bodleian Library Record 17 (6): 464–481.
Humphreys KN (1966) National library functions. UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 20 (4): 158–169.
Line, M. B. (1989). National Library and Information Needs: Alternative Means of Fulfillment, with Special Reference to the Role of National Libraries.
Research Hypothesis and Research Questions are very common terms which encounter by the early career researchers and scholars. In this short article try cover the point following point.
1. What is Research Questions?
2. What is Hypothesis? or Definition of Hypothesis?
3. What is the difference between Research Questions vs Research Hypothesis?
1. What is Research Questions?
A research question is the question a research study sets to answer. A research study has more than one research question as per the nature of the research. Research questions are often used in qualitative research, which seek to answer open-ended questions. But Research questions can also be used in quantitative studies. Research questions can be used instead of hypotheses.
Example
What is the environmental impact of the disposal of plastic water bottles?
Has smoking effects on human health?
Both questions have descriptive nature and research can narrate describe various reason and no need for the experiment.
2. What is Hypothesis? or Definition of Hypothesis?
A hypothesis is a formal tentative statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables under study.
Not all studies have hypotheses. Hypotheses are usually used in experimental quantitative research studies. They are useful in testing a specific theory or model. A complete hypothesis always includes the variables, population and the predicted relationship between the variables.
Disposal plastic water bottle has significant impact on the air pollution?
Example
Is smoking is cause of cancer?
The Above two example derived from Research questions how researcher/scholars can convert research questions into research hypothesis
3. What is the difference between Research Questions vs Research Hypothesis?
There are four major difference between the research questions and research hypothesis.
There are two type of question which is usually come through critical thinking
Background Question:-
General information specifying the starting point and the outcomes about the general and clinical issue.
Example what, why, what, where which & How These question answer research generally found on the books and reference books
Foreground Question:-
Focus on Specific knowledge
Answer get from the scientific and evidence based about the diagnosis, treating and assisting the patient with understanding their prognosis. Answer of these question find from the literature.
PICOT criteria
PICOT criteria tend to be used to frame questions used in evidence-based studies, such as medical studies. Such research may focus on assessment or evaluation of patients or problems, as well as what may be the causal factor(s) with control and experimental groups.
P – Population/ Patient (or Problem)
I – Intervention (or Indicator)
C – Comparison group
O – Outcomes
T – Time
Component Related questions of PICO(T)
Population ‑What is the target population?
‑Is the target population narrow or broad?
‑Is the target population vulnerable?
‑What are the eligibility criteria?
‑What is the most appropriate recruitment strategy?
Intervention ‑What is the intervention? (Treatment, diagnostic test, procedure)
‑Is there any standard of care for the intervention?
‑Is the intervention the most appropriate for the study design?
‑Is there a need for standardizing the intervention?
‑What are the potential side effects of the intervention?
‑Will potential side effects be recorded?
‑If there is no intervention, what is the exposure?
Comparator ‑How has control intervention been chosen?
‑Are there any ethical concerns related to the use of placebo?
‑Has a sham intervention been considered?
‑Will statistical analyses be adjusted for multiple comparisons?
Outcome ‑What is the primary outcome?
‑What are the secondary outcomes?
‑Are the outcomes exploratory, explanatory or confirmatory?
‑Have surrogate and clinical outcomes been considered?
‑Are the outcomes validated?
‑Have safety outcomes been considered?
‑How are the outcomes going to be measured?
‑Will the dependent and independent variables be numerical, categorical or ordinal?
‑Will be enough statistical power to measure secondary outcomes?
Time frame ‑Is the study designed to be cross‑sectional or longitudinal?
‑How long will the recruitment phase take?
‑What is the time frame for data collection?
‑Have frequency and duration of the intervention been specified?
‑How often will outcomes be measured?
‑Which strategy will be used to prevent/decrease dropout
Example :
Old age Chain smoker has high risk of lung cancer rather than old age non smoker
Banned on smoking in the campus decrease the smoking rate on campus students
Problem/patient/ Population/ Old age
Intervention and indicator is Smoking
Comparison/ smoker vs non smoker
Outcome / decrease the smoking rate
Does the smoking rate reduce among the student if there is banned on smoking the campus premises?
Examples
Use of Artificial intelligence in libraries improve the skills of librarian and their digital literacy
Problem/Population Librarian
Intervention/ Artificial Intelligence
Comparison/ Digital literacy
Out come/ improve the skills of librarian
Does Artificial Intelligence improve the skill set of the librarian and their digital literacy?
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Fandino, W. (2019). Formulating a good research question: Pearls and pitfalls. Indian journal of anaesthesia, 63(8), 611.
Farrugia, P., Petrisor, B. A., Farrokhyar, F., & Bhandari, M. (2010). Research questions, hypotheses and objectives. Canadian journal of surgery, 53(4), 278.
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Heneghan, C., & Badenoch, D. (2006). Evidence-based medicine toolkit. BMJ Books/Blackwell Pub.
Hulley, S. B. (Ed.). (2007). Designing clinical research. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Keefer, A. (2001). Electronic journals, scholarly communication and libraries.
Roes, H. (1996). Electronic journals: A short history and recent developments. Trabajo presentado en International Summer School on the Digital Library, Tilburg, Holanda. Consultado el, 15.
Research Knowledge and Information 