There are two type of question which is usually come through critical thinking
Background Question:-
General information specifying the starting point and the outcomes about the general and clinical issue.
Example what, why, what, where which & How These question answer research generally found on the books and reference books
Foreground Question:-
Focus on Specific knowledge
Answer get from the scientific and evidence based about the diagnosis, treating and assisting the patient with understanding their prognosis. Answer of these question find from the literature.
PICOT criteria
PICOT criteria tend to be used to frame questions used in evidence-based studies, such as medical studies. Such research may focus on assessment or evaluation of patients or problems, as well as what may be the causal factor(s) with control and experimental groups.
P – Population/ Patient (or Problem)
I – Intervention (or Indicator)
C – Comparison group
O – Outcomes
T – Time
Component Related questions of PICO(T)
Population ‑What is the target population?
‑Is the target population narrow or broad?
‑Is the target population vulnerable?
‑What are the eligibility criteria?
‑What is the most appropriate recruitment strategy?
Intervention ‑What is the intervention? (Treatment, diagnostic test, procedure)
‑Is there any standard of care for the intervention?
‑Is the intervention the most appropriate for the study design?
‑Is there a need for standardizing the intervention?
‑What are the potential side effects of the intervention?
‑Will potential side effects be recorded?
‑If there is no intervention, what is the exposure?
Comparator ‑How has control intervention been chosen?
‑Are there any ethical concerns related to the use of placebo?
‑Has a sham intervention been considered?
‑Will statistical analyses be adjusted for multiple comparisons?
Outcome ‑What is the primary outcome?
‑What are the secondary outcomes?
‑Are the outcomes exploratory, explanatory or confirmatory?
‑Have surrogate and clinical outcomes been considered?
‑Are the outcomes validated?
‑Have safety outcomes been considered?
‑How are the outcomes going to be measured?
‑Will the dependent and independent variables be numerical, categorical or ordinal?
‑Will be enough statistical power to measure secondary outcomes?
Time frame ‑Is the study designed to be cross‑sectional or longitudinal?
‑How long will the recruitment phase take?
‑What is the time frame for data collection?
‑Have frequency and duration of the intervention been specified?
‑How often will outcomes be measured?
‑Which strategy will be used to prevent/decrease dropout
Example :
Old age Chain smoker has high risk of lung cancer rather than old age non smoker
Banned on smoking in the campus decrease the smoking rate on campus students
Problem/patient/ Population/ Old age
Intervention and indicator is Smoking
Comparison/ smoker vs non smoker
Outcome / decrease the smoking rate
Does the smoking rate reduce among the student if there is banned on smoking the campus premises?
Examples
Use of Artificial intelligence in libraries improve the skills of librarian and their digital literacy
Problem/Population Librarian
Intervention/ Artificial Intelligence
Comparison/ Digital literacy
Out come/ improve the skills of librarian
Does Artificial Intelligence improve the skill set of the librarian and their digital literacy?
How to Cite This Article : –
M.Y. Ali. (28 Jun 2021). Research Questions : PICO(T) Criteria for evidence based Research Question. https://profileusuf.wordpress.com/2021/06/27/research-questions-picot-criteria-for-evidence-based-research-question-by-muhammad-yousuf-ali/
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Research Knowledge and Information 